ROMANESQUE EXTERIORS
ginning, and where they were carried out, they ended in spires
of moderate pitch such as those at Southwell. The outside
appearance of Romanesque churches thus differed just as widely
from that of Early Christian churches as their interiors. While at
S. Apollinare Nuovo the exterior hardly mattered—even church

16.    hildesheim: st. michael's, begun shortly after 1000 (axono-
metric reconstruction of the original state).
towers, when they were introduced, stood separate from their
churches—a few Carolingian and then most larger Romanesque
churches were designed to display variety and magnificence outside
as well as inside. St. Michael's at Hildesheim with its two choirs,
towers over both crossings and staircase turrets on both ends of both
transepts, is the earliest surviving example of a truly Romanesque
exterior (fig. 16).
Altogether Germany was eminently important for the develop-
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